Making Crack With Levamisole Fish
2021年6月22日Download here: http://gg.gg/v38ki
Levamisole Cooking Crack In A Spooninstmank. Preparation and in-vitro evaluation of levamisole hydrochloride as a.Levamisole, a common cutting agent in cocaine, made the news recently for its apparent skin-destroying properties—but there’s a lot more to the substance than that.
The reason levamisole is used as a cutting agent is that it increases dopamine levels in the brain. This enhances the euphoric effects obtained from snorting the drug. It makes the cocaine feel stronger although it’s less pure. More and more cocaine seized by the DEA contains levamisole. In 2011, 73% of seized narcotics tested positive for. The more an individual uses cocaine, the more frequently they are introducing the cutting agents used to make the substance profitable for the drug dealers. The cycle goes on until the drug user finally finds the strength and support to get the help they need. Levamisole, unlike other cutting agents, retains the iridescent, fish-scale sheen of pure cocaine, making it easier to visually pass off levamisole-tainted cocaine as pure. Cocaine is a strong neuro-stimulant drug that is used as a recreational drug. Like the cocaine epidemic that occurred at the turn of the century, cocaine once again was embraced by the social elite.
The Walther PPQ (German:, Polizeipistole Quick Defence / Police Pistol Quick Defence) is a semi-automatic pistol developed by the German company Carl Walther GmbH Sportwaffen of Ulm for law enforcement, security forces and the civilian shooting market as a potential replacement for the Walther P99. Walther Firearms. PPQ serial numbers. PPQ MI Classsic Serial number FAU0881, sold it at a show, no dealer had one. Another is on its way. Walther serial numbers ppq.
Something about the chemical structure of levamisole retains the iridescent fish-scale sheen of pure cocaine, giving cocaine cut with levamisole the same appearance as pure cocaine. Levamisole is a bulking agent for crack. The process of making crack involves ’washing’ cocaine and filtering out impurities and cutting agents. Using Levamisole to treat fish Fish Room update Water Changes in fish tanks This is just a collection of stuff from the fish room. Nothing really special oth.Levamisole Tablets
A case study from the ’British Medical Journal’ of a woman whose skin and flesh is rotting due to the presence of levamisole in the cocaine she had been taking. Photo courtesy BMJ
Corrupted cocaine sold in Britain is making people’s skin rot. Or so we were told last week, when a series of reports warned of the ’flesh eating’ cocaine causing people to suffer from a rare blood disorder that makes their flesh decompose and their ears go black. The stories came with images from a gruesome case study in the British Medical Journal, of a woman covered in dark blotches and open sores, looking like something out of a medieval physician’s casebook.
Newspapers revealed the culprit: levamisole, a cattle de-worming drug found in ’80 percent of cocaine’ in the UK. The message being: Do a bit of a gear and you’ll lose all your skin.
Of course, where there are drugs, a scare story is never far behind—and the first myth to blow away here is that levamisole is any great danger to the general cocaine-snorting public. Despite the hype, the chances of cocaine giving you a blood disorder or rotting your skin are incredibly remote. Unless, that is, you’re from northern Finland (which I’ll get to later).
Levamisole has, over the last decade, become a major cutting agent in the world’s cocaine supplies. Depending on where you live, between 40 to 90 percent of cocaine contains the drug. The British government says around 80 percent of seized cocaine shipments in 2014 contained levamisole. In Spain, a 2012 study found the drug in 57 percent of cocaine, and in Denmark in the same year it was in 90 percent of samples. In Holland, the figure is 60 percent, and in the US the DEA puts it at 73 percent.
While the substance might be found frequently, that doesn’t mean cocaine is packed with the stuff. Cocaine purity research carried out by Lana Brockbals at drug identification firm TICTAC, seen exclusively by VICE, found that out of 106 samples of cocaine from an unnamed British festival last year, 83 contained traces of the de-wormer. However, the average concentration of levamisole in each wrap was just over 5 percent, with most samples containing between 1.5 and 5 percent of levamisole.
Tests on 5,000 street cocaine samples in the Netherlands between 2011 and 2014 found an average concentration of nine percent. In Spain last year, concentration was found to be, on average, 11.9 percent. The DEA says levamisole takes up nine percent of the average American bag of cocaine. An analysis last year of 103 random cocaine samples from around the world, conducted by the Energy Control drug testing service, found that the average concentration was 11 percent.
So does snorting cocaine that contains five, 10 or even 20 percent levamisole warrant the media hype? After all, there are up to an estimated 21 million cocaine users on the planet—you’d expect the hospitals to be rammed with people losing all their skin. But they’re not.
I spoke to Dr. Lindy-Anne Korswagen, one of the authors of the BMJ study mentioned in all the papers last week, and a doctor at Sint Franciscus Gasthuis Hospital in Rotterdam. ’Given the fact that many people use cocaine, of which large percentages are adulterated with levamisole, our case is rare,’ she said. ’The risk of side effects such as agranulocytosis or levamisole-induced vasculopathy with skin ulcers and serious organ damage is small. Between 2011 and 2014, there were 210 cases reported worldwide, of which three have died.’
Dr. Korswagen did warn that there may be undiagnosed cases out there.
Photo by Andoni Lubaki
The authors of a similar case study (someone suffering from a levamisole-induced skin disease) published in a US medical journal in 2013 said most victims they had come across were heavy cocaine users. ’Many of these affected individuals are chronic, habitual cocaine users, suggesting a large cumulative exposure to cocaine and, by association, levamisole, possibly over an extended period of time.’
Toxicologist Dr. Robert Hoffman, an expert in levamisole from the New York University Langone Medical Center, told me the amount of the drug found in the average bag of cocaine ’is probably too low’ to affect most users, and that when levamisole was used as a legitimate pharmaceutical in medical trials, most patients tolerated full therapeutic doses without a problem. ’Let’s say the typical dose of cocaine might be 100mg, so there could be 10mg of levamisole in each dose of cocaine used. Currently, there are still trials where levamisole is used and a dose might be on the order of 150mg over a day. To get that much levamisole, you would have to use a lot of cocaine,’ he said. ’So yes, to an extent, the low concentration is somewhat protective in that the total daily dose will be low.’ Levamisole Cocaine
But it turns out it may not just be about dose; Dr. Hoffman told me the evidence points to some people having a genetic vulnerability to the toxic effects of the drug. ’The literature suggests that some patients have a unique genetic predisposition that increases their risk of toxicity,’ he said. ’There is always some consideration for dose, but it is a combination of dose plus susceptibility that sets the risk. Luckily for cocaine users, the known responsible genetic abnormality is very uncommon.’
The gene in question, HLA-B27, is present in about eight percent of caucasians, four percent of North Africans, two to nine percent of Chinese and 0.1 to 0.5 percent of Japanese. Oddly, in Lapland in northern Finland, a quarter of people have the gene.
That levamisole is far less of a threat to human health than the media is making out is really no surprise. In such a hugely profitable business as the cocaine trade, you’re not going to do all that well making a product that turns your global customer base into a mass of sick or dying invalids—Imperial Tobacco and Philip Morris excluded. Instead, the use of a cattle de-wormer in cocaine is an indicator of how astute the cocaine cartels really are, because they appear to have unearthed the most efficient cocaine-cutting agent of all time.
A report due to be published later this year by a specialist unit dedicated to monitoring the chemicals used to produce cocaine, attached to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), found the use of levamisole to be far from anomalous. First edition. It is a strategy based on a firm business and scientific footing.
Conducted by PRELAC (Prevention of the Diversion of Chemical Precursor Substances of Drugs in the Latin America and the Caribbean Countries), the study reveals Colombian firms were the first to start using levamisole a decade ago. Now it’s also used by cartels in Peru and Bolivia as the ’cut’ of preference for bulking out cocaine before it’s exported. In cocaine, levamisole is usually mixed with two other chemicals, such as diltiazem, phenacetin, hydroxyzine, and caffeine. For the US and European markets, cocaine is cut 20 percent. If it’s going to other countries in South America, such as Brazil, it can be cut to as much as 50 percent.
The authors of the report, ’Dynamics of chemical use in the production of cocaine in the Andean Region,’ say there are a number of reasons why levamisole has become the number one cut. It’s easy to mix with cocaine, has a similar ’fish scale’ appearance to high quality cocaine flake and gives the impression of having a greater volume than it actually possesses. It also gives a false positive in street tests for cocaine, so bulk buyers are not able to spot the cocaine has been cut, and is relatively cheap and easily available in bulk from cities across the Andean countries. According to an expert working for the UNODC in Colombia, the drug is regularly purchased at $50 per kilo in Bogota, Cali, and Medellin, compared to $2,300 for a kilo of cocaine.
According to the UNODC, levamisole is incorporated into cocaine hydrochloride in two stages of the process: before converting cocaine base to cocaine hydrochloride, and later, when the hydrochloride has already been obtained but has not yet dried. So it’s in almost everyone’s cocaine, even the super rich—although I’d guess there are a few mega-mansions in Colombia and Miami where the cocaine is as pure as it comes.
Related: Watch ’Cooking Cocaine in Lima’
But the game changer—an asset of levamisole of which cartel chemists will be fully aware—is its ability to potentiate the action of cocaine in the body. A metabolite of levamisole called aminorex has amphetamine-like properties, and a growing body of research is beginning to suggest what the Colombian chemists may have known all along: Cocaine mixed with levamisole creates an additional high when it’s snorted.
’[The cocaine cartels] have extensive financial networks, and we must assume that this drug adds to the potency or addicting qualities of cocaine in a way we have yet to fully determine,’ said Dr. Hoffman. ’They have access to animal labs and thousands of human subjects, and therefore the addition of levamisole to cocaine is undergoing more testing than most approved drugs.’
These days, cartel chemists are a very different breed to the TV depiction of a guy in a baseball cap stirring a bucket in the middle of the Amazon rainforest. ’It’s a mistake to think Colombian cocaine producers are peasants in a jungle lab,’ says Mike Power, a journalist and author who has investigated the Colombian cocaine trade. He told me the much-filmed rural farmers (cocaleros) are only part of a big supply line from farmyard to nostril, involving chemistry, airplanes, murder, and corruption.
’It would be astonishing if the narco-cartels didn’t know about the emerging evidence around the stimulant effects of levamisole,’ Power said. ’Four years ago in Colombia, I saw how the crystallization [of the paste] process was moving from the jungles to underground urban labs, in well guarded apartment blocks. This is a complex science. If they can increase their profits by 10 percent by including an active cut that ticks all the boxes, then it’s a no-brainer. And because most of it is being added at end of the process, before export, we know it’s being facilitated by people at the high end of the trade. They know exactly what they are doing.’
But, as Power says, the end result for many cocaine users is that while the powder might be white, it’s anything but pure. ’The fact is, if you’ve been using coke,’ he said, ’you’ve been snorting cattle de-wormer for years now, and you’re paying through the nose for the privilege.’
Follow Max Daly on Twitter.
*Tagged: 56 - Commentshigh-powerbrown.netlify.com › Cooking Benzocaine Into Crack ★
As a follow up to my previous post regarding the manufacture of cocaine, I came across the attached image documenting the process of transforming normal cocaine to crack cocaine.
I actually struggled with myself as to whether or not to actually share this information, but ultimately I decided to post it for the following reasons:
*The criminals already know how to make crack cocaine. It is only the law abiding citizens that wonder what it is.
*The manufacture of crack cocaine requires that one already possess cocaine. These instructions won’t hurt anyone that doesn’t already have a serious issue on their hands.
*The information already exists on the Internet.
Here is the step by step process outlined by the “instructor” in the images:
*Materials Required: Cocaine powder, teaspoon, measuring cup, pan, baking soda.
*Pour about an ounce of cocaine in the measuring cup.
*Add about a teaspoon of baking soda.
*Fill with about 3/4 cup of water.
*Pour the mixture into the pan.
*The mixture will start to bubble. Get a knife and flatten the bubbles.
*Continue to flatten the mixture while cooking it.
*Continue to cook it until it is solid white.
*Place the solid form of cocaine on a towel or napkin to drain.
*Place crack rocks in freezer for 15-20 minutes.
*Place crack rocks in freezer for 15-20 minutes.
*Congratulations you have successfully made crack cocaine.
If you are here because you are curious about how people make crack cocaine, now you know! And if you are here because you actually want to do it yourself – get help. And I don’t mean getting help making the crack cocaine. Get help with yourself.
Jump to navigationJump to search
How do you cook cocaine with procaine? What do they cut cocaine with so it will not cook into crack? Can you get a contact high from cooking crack cocaine? Aug 22, 2010 - Our investigators watched one dealer “wash” benzocaine into rocks of. Crack dealers have found that benzocaine can be “cooked up” and.Two grams of crack cocaine
Crack cocaine, also known simply as crack or rock, is a free base form of cocaine that can be smoked. Crack offers a short but intense high to smokers. The Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment calls it the most addictive form of cocaine.[1] Crack first saw widespread use as a recreational drug in primarily impoverishedinner city neighborhoods in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, and Miami in late 1984 and 1985; its rapid increase in use and availability is sometimes termed as the ’crack epidemic’.[2]
*1Physical and chemical properties
*3Adverse effects
*3.1Physiological
*3.4Reinforcement disorders
*5Society and culture
*5.4Legal statusPhysical and chemical properties
In purer forms, crack rocks appear as off-white nuggets with jagged edges,[3] with a slightly higher density than candle wax. Purer forms of crack resemble a hard brittle plastic, in crystalline form[3] (snaps when broken). A crack rock acts as a local anesthetic (see: cocaine), numbing the tongue or mouth only where directly placed. Purer forms of crack will sink in water or melt at the edges when near a flame (crack vaporizes at 90 °C, 194 °F).[1]
Crack cocaine as sold on the streets may be adulterated or ’cut’ with other substances mimicking the appearance of crack cocaine to increase bulk. Use of toxic adulterants such as levamisole[4] has been documented.[5]SynthesisIn order for cocaine (in plastic bag at bottom) to be converted to crack, several supplies are needed. Pictured here are baking soda, a commonly used base in making crack, a metal spoon, a tealight, and a cigarette lighter. The spoon is held over the heat source in order to ’cook’ the cocaine into crack.Levamisole Hydrochloride For FishA close up of the ’cooking’ process that creates crack.
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, common baking soda) is a base used in preparation of crack, although other weak bases may substitute for it.[6][7] The net reaction when using sodium bicarbonate isCoc-H+Cl− + NaHCO3 → Coc + H2O + CO2 + NaCl
With Ammonium bicarbonate:Coc-H+Cl− + NH4HCO3 → Coc + NH4Cl + CO2 + H2O
With Ammonium carbonate:2(Coc-H+Cl−) + (NH4)2CO3 → 2 Coc + 2 NH4Cl + CO2 + H2O
Crack cocaine is frequently purchased already in rock form,[3] although it is not uncommon for some users to ’wash up’ or ’cook’ powder cocaine into crack themselves. This process is frequently done with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), water, and a spoon. Once mixed and heated, the bicarbonate reacts with the hydrochloride of the powder cocaine, forming free base cocaine and carbonic acid (H2CO3) in a reversible acid-base reaction. The heating accelerates the degradation of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. Loss of CO2 prevents the reaction from reversing back to cocaine hydrochloride. Free base cocaine separates as an oily layer, floating on the top of the now leftover aqueous phase. It is at this point that the oil is picked up rapidly, usually with a pin or long thin object. This pulls the oil up and spins it, allowing air to set and dry the oil, and allows the maker to roll the oil into the rock-like shape.
Crack vaporizes near temperature 90 °C (194 °F),[1] much lower than the cocaine hydrochloride melting point of 190 °C (374 °F).[1] Whereas cocaine hydrochloride cannot be smoked (burns with no effect),[1]crack cocaine when smoked allows for quick absorption into the blood stream, and reaches the brain in 8 seconds.[1] Crack cocaine can also be injected intravenously with the same effect as powder cocaine. However, whereas powder cocaine dissolves in water, crack must be dissolved in an acidic solution such as lemon juice or white vinegar, a process that effectively reverses the original conversion of powder cocaine to crack.Recreational use
Crack cocaine is commonly used as a recreational drug. Effects of crack cocaine include euphoria,[8] supreme confidence,[9] loss of appetite,[8]insomnia,[8] alertness,[8] increased energy,[8] a craving for more cocaine,[9]and potential paranoia (ending after use).[8][10]Its initial effect is to release a large amount of dopamine,[3] a brain chemical inducing fee
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
Levamisole Cooking Crack In A Spooninstmank. Preparation and in-vitro evaluation of levamisole hydrochloride as a.Levamisole, a common cutting agent in cocaine, made the news recently for its apparent skin-destroying properties—but there’s a lot more to the substance than that.
The reason levamisole is used as a cutting agent is that it increases dopamine levels in the brain. This enhances the euphoric effects obtained from snorting the drug. It makes the cocaine feel stronger although it’s less pure. More and more cocaine seized by the DEA contains levamisole. In 2011, 73% of seized narcotics tested positive for. The more an individual uses cocaine, the more frequently they are introducing the cutting agents used to make the substance profitable for the drug dealers. The cycle goes on until the drug user finally finds the strength and support to get the help they need. Levamisole, unlike other cutting agents, retains the iridescent, fish-scale sheen of pure cocaine, making it easier to visually pass off levamisole-tainted cocaine as pure. Cocaine is a strong neuro-stimulant drug that is used as a recreational drug. Like the cocaine epidemic that occurred at the turn of the century, cocaine once again was embraced by the social elite.
The Walther PPQ (German:, Polizeipistole Quick Defence / Police Pistol Quick Defence) is a semi-automatic pistol developed by the German company Carl Walther GmbH Sportwaffen of Ulm for law enforcement, security forces and the civilian shooting market as a potential replacement for the Walther P99. Walther Firearms. PPQ serial numbers. PPQ MI Classsic Serial number FAU0881, sold it at a show, no dealer had one. Another is on its way. Walther serial numbers ppq.
Something about the chemical structure of levamisole retains the iridescent fish-scale sheen of pure cocaine, giving cocaine cut with levamisole the same appearance as pure cocaine. Levamisole is a bulking agent for crack. The process of making crack involves ’washing’ cocaine and filtering out impurities and cutting agents. Using Levamisole to treat fish Fish Room update Water Changes in fish tanks This is just a collection of stuff from the fish room. Nothing really special oth.Levamisole Tablets
A case study from the ’British Medical Journal’ of a woman whose skin and flesh is rotting due to the presence of levamisole in the cocaine she had been taking. Photo courtesy BMJ
Corrupted cocaine sold in Britain is making people’s skin rot. Or so we were told last week, when a series of reports warned of the ’flesh eating’ cocaine causing people to suffer from a rare blood disorder that makes their flesh decompose and their ears go black. The stories came with images from a gruesome case study in the British Medical Journal, of a woman covered in dark blotches and open sores, looking like something out of a medieval physician’s casebook.
Newspapers revealed the culprit: levamisole, a cattle de-worming drug found in ’80 percent of cocaine’ in the UK. The message being: Do a bit of a gear and you’ll lose all your skin.
Of course, where there are drugs, a scare story is never far behind—and the first myth to blow away here is that levamisole is any great danger to the general cocaine-snorting public. Despite the hype, the chances of cocaine giving you a blood disorder or rotting your skin are incredibly remote. Unless, that is, you’re from northern Finland (which I’ll get to later).
Levamisole has, over the last decade, become a major cutting agent in the world’s cocaine supplies. Depending on where you live, between 40 to 90 percent of cocaine contains the drug. The British government says around 80 percent of seized cocaine shipments in 2014 contained levamisole. In Spain, a 2012 study found the drug in 57 percent of cocaine, and in Denmark in the same year it was in 90 percent of samples. In Holland, the figure is 60 percent, and in the US the DEA puts it at 73 percent.
While the substance might be found frequently, that doesn’t mean cocaine is packed with the stuff. Cocaine purity research carried out by Lana Brockbals at drug identification firm TICTAC, seen exclusively by VICE, found that out of 106 samples of cocaine from an unnamed British festival last year, 83 contained traces of the de-wormer. However, the average concentration of levamisole in each wrap was just over 5 percent, with most samples containing between 1.5 and 5 percent of levamisole.
Tests on 5,000 street cocaine samples in the Netherlands between 2011 and 2014 found an average concentration of nine percent. In Spain last year, concentration was found to be, on average, 11.9 percent. The DEA says levamisole takes up nine percent of the average American bag of cocaine. An analysis last year of 103 random cocaine samples from around the world, conducted by the Energy Control drug testing service, found that the average concentration was 11 percent.
So does snorting cocaine that contains five, 10 or even 20 percent levamisole warrant the media hype? After all, there are up to an estimated 21 million cocaine users on the planet—you’d expect the hospitals to be rammed with people losing all their skin. But they’re not.
I spoke to Dr. Lindy-Anne Korswagen, one of the authors of the BMJ study mentioned in all the papers last week, and a doctor at Sint Franciscus Gasthuis Hospital in Rotterdam. ’Given the fact that many people use cocaine, of which large percentages are adulterated with levamisole, our case is rare,’ she said. ’The risk of side effects such as agranulocytosis or levamisole-induced vasculopathy with skin ulcers and serious organ damage is small. Between 2011 and 2014, there were 210 cases reported worldwide, of which three have died.’
Dr. Korswagen did warn that there may be undiagnosed cases out there.
Photo by Andoni Lubaki
The authors of a similar case study (someone suffering from a levamisole-induced skin disease) published in a US medical journal in 2013 said most victims they had come across were heavy cocaine users. ’Many of these affected individuals are chronic, habitual cocaine users, suggesting a large cumulative exposure to cocaine and, by association, levamisole, possibly over an extended period of time.’
Toxicologist Dr. Robert Hoffman, an expert in levamisole from the New York University Langone Medical Center, told me the amount of the drug found in the average bag of cocaine ’is probably too low’ to affect most users, and that when levamisole was used as a legitimate pharmaceutical in medical trials, most patients tolerated full therapeutic doses without a problem. ’Let’s say the typical dose of cocaine might be 100mg, so there could be 10mg of levamisole in each dose of cocaine used. Currently, there are still trials where levamisole is used and a dose might be on the order of 150mg over a day. To get that much levamisole, you would have to use a lot of cocaine,’ he said. ’So yes, to an extent, the low concentration is somewhat protective in that the total daily dose will be low.’ Levamisole Cocaine
But it turns out it may not just be about dose; Dr. Hoffman told me the evidence points to some people having a genetic vulnerability to the toxic effects of the drug. ’The literature suggests that some patients have a unique genetic predisposition that increases their risk of toxicity,’ he said. ’There is always some consideration for dose, but it is a combination of dose plus susceptibility that sets the risk. Luckily for cocaine users, the known responsible genetic abnormality is very uncommon.’
The gene in question, HLA-B27, is present in about eight percent of caucasians, four percent of North Africans, two to nine percent of Chinese and 0.1 to 0.5 percent of Japanese. Oddly, in Lapland in northern Finland, a quarter of people have the gene.
That levamisole is far less of a threat to human health than the media is making out is really no surprise. In such a hugely profitable business as the cocaine trade, you’re not going to do all that well making a product that turns your global customer base into a mass of sick or dying invalids—Imperial Tobacco and Philip Morris excluded. Instead, the use of a cattle de-wormer in cocaine is an indicator of how astute the cocaine cartels really are, because they appear to have unearthed the most efficient cocaine-cutting agent of all time.
A report due to be published later this year by a specialist unit dedicated to monitoring the chemicals used to produce cocaine, attached to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), found the use of levamisole to be far from anomalous. First edition. It is a strategy based on a firm business and scientific footing.
Conducted by PRELAC (Prevention of the Diversion of Chemical Precursor Substances of Drugs in the Latin America and the Caribbean Countries), the study reveals Colombian firms were the first to start using levamisole a decade ago. Now it’s also used by cartels in Peru and Bolivia as the ’cut’ of preference for bulking out cocaine before it’s exported. In cocaine, levamisole is usually mixed with two other chemicals, such as diltiazem, phenacetin, hydroxyzine, and caffeine. For the US and European markets, cocaine is cut 20 percent. If it’s going to other countries in South America, such as Brazil, it can be cut to as much as 50 percent.
The authors of the report, ’Dynamics of chemical use in the production of cocaine in the Andean Region,’ say there are a number of reasons why levamisole has become the number one cut. It’s easy to mix with cocaine, has a similar ’fish scale’ appearance to high quality cocaine flake and gives the impression of having a greater volume than it actually possesses. It also gives a false positive in street tests for cocaine, so bulk buyers are not able to spot the cocaine has been cut, and is relatively cheap and easily available in bulk from cities across the Andean countries. According to an expert working for the UNODC in Colombia, the drug is regularly purchased at $50 per kilo in Bogota, Cali, and Medellin, compared to $2,300 for a kilo of cocaine.
According to the UNODC, levamisole is incorporated into cocaine hydrochloride in two stages of the process: before converting cocaine base to cocaine hydrochloride, and later, when the hydrochloride has already been obtained but has not yet dried. So it’s in almost everyone’s cocaine, even the super rich—although I’d guess there are a few mega-mansions in Colombia and Miami where the cocaine is as pure as it comes.
Related: Watch ’Cooking Cocaine in Lima’
But the game changer—an asset of levamisole of which cartel chemists will be fully aware—is its ability to potentiate the action of cocaine in the body. A metabolite of levamisole called aminorex has amphetamine-like properties, and a growing body of research is beginning to suggest what the Colombian chemists may have known all along: Cocaine mixed with levamisole creates an additional high when it’s snorted.
’[The cocaine cartels] have extensive financial networks, and we must assume that this drug adds to the potency or addicting qualities of cocaine in a way we have yet to fully determine,’ said Dr. Hoffman. ’They have access to animal labs and thousands of human subjects, and therefore the addition of levamisole to cocaine is undergoing more testing than most approved drugs.’
These days, cartel chemists are a very different breed to the TV depiction of a guy in a baseball cap stirring a bucket in the middle of the Amazon rainforest. ’It’s a mistake to think Colombian cocaine producers are peasants in a jungle lab,’ says Mike Power, a journalist and author who has investigated the Colombian cocaine trade. He told me the much-filmed rural farmers (cocaleros) are only part of a big supply line from farmyard to nostril, involving chemistry, airplanes, murder, and corruption.
’It would be astonishing if the narco-cartels didn’t know about the emerging evidence around the stimulant effects of levamisole,’ Power said. ’Four years ago in Colombia, I saw how the crystallization [of the paste] process was moving from the jungles to underground urban labs, in well guarded apartment blocks. This is a complex science. If they can increase their profits by 10 percent by including an active cut that ticks all the boxes, then it’s a no-brainer. And because most of it is being added at end of the process, before export, we know it’s being facilitated by people at the high end of the trade. They know exactly what they are doing.’
But, as Power says, the end result for many cocaine users is that while the powder might be white, it’s anything but pure. ’The fact is, if you’ve been using coke,’ he said, ’you’ve been snorting cattle de-wormer for years now, and you’re paying through the nose for the privilege.’
Follow Max Daly on Twitter.
*Tagged: 56 - Commentshigh-powerbrown.netlify.com › Cooking Benzocaine Into Crack ★
As a follow up to my previous post regarding the manufacture of cocaine, I came across the attached image documenting the process of transforming normal cocaine to crack cocaine.
I actually struggled with myself as to whether or not to actually share this information, but ultimately I decided to post it for the following reasons:
*The criminals already know how to make crack cocaine. It is only the law abiding citizens that wonder what it is.
*The manufacture of crack cocaine requires that one already possess cocaine. These instructions won’t hurt anyone that doesn’t already have a serious issue on their hands.
*The information already exists on the Internet.
Here is the step by step process outlined by the “instructor” in the images:
*Materials Required: Cocaine powder, teaspoon, measuring cup, pan, baking soda.
*Pour about an ounce of cocaine in the measuring cup.
*Add about a teaspoon of baking soda.
*Fill with about 3/4 cup of water.
*Pour the mixture into the pan.
*The mixture will start to bubble. Get a knife and flatten the bubbles.
*Continue to flatten the mixture while cooking it.
*Continue to cook it until it is solid white.
*Place the solid form of cocaine on a towel or napkin to drain.
*Place crack rocks in freezer for 15-20 minutes.
*Place crack rocks in freezer for 15-20 minutes.
*Congratulations you have successfully made crack cocaine.
If you are here because you are curious about how people make crack cocaine, now you know! And if you are here because you actually want to do it yourself – get help. And I don’t mean getting help making the crack cocaine. Get help with yourself.
Jump to navigationJump to search
How do you cook cocaine with procaine? What do they cut cocaine with so it will not cook into crack? Can you get a contact high from cooking crack cocaine? Aug 22, 2010 - Our investigators watched one dealer “wash” benzocaine into rocks of. Crack dealers have found that benzocaine can be “cooked up” and.Two grams of crack cocaine
Crack cocaine, also known simply as crack or rock, is a free base form of cocaine that can be smoked. Crack offers a short but intense high to smokers. The Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment calls it the most addictive form of cocaine.[1] Crack first saw widespread use as a recreational drug in primarily impoverishedinner city neighborhoods in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, and Miami in late 1984 and 1985; its rapid increase in use and availability is sometimes termed as the ’crack epidemic’.[2]
*1Physical and chemical properties
*3Adverse effects
*3.1Physiological
*3.4Reinforcement disorders
*5Society and culture
*5.4Legal statusPhysical and chemical properties
In purer forms, crack rocks appear as off-white nuggets with jagged edges,[3] with a slightly higher density than candle wax. Purer forms of crack resemble a hard brittle plastic, in crystalline form[3] (snaps when broken). A crack rock acts as a local anesthetic (see: cocaine), numbing the tongue or mouth only where directly placed. Purer forms of crack will sink in water or melt at the edges when near a flame (crack vaporizes at 90 °C, 194 °F).[1]
Crack cocaine as sold on the streets may be adulterated or ’cut’ with other substances mimicking the appearance of crack cocaine to increase bulk. Use of toxic adulterants such as levamisole[4] has been documented.[5]SynthesisIn order for cocaine (in plastic bag at bottom) to be converted to crack, several supplies are needed. Pictured here are baking soda, a commonly used base in making crack, a metal spoon, a tealight, and a cigarette lighter. The spoon is held over the heat source in order to ’cook’ the cocaine into crack.Levamisole Hydrochloride For FishA close up of the ’cooking’ process that creates crack.
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, common baking soda) is a base used in preparation of crack, although other weak bases may substitute for it.[6][7] The net reaction when using sodium bicarbonate isCoc-H+Cl− + NaHCO3 → Coc + H2O + CO2 + NaCl
With Ammonium bicarbonate:Coc-H+Cl− + NH4HCO3 → Coc + NH4Cl + CO2 + H2O
With Ammonium carbonate:2(Coc-H+Cl−) + (NH4)2CO3 → 2 Coc + 2 NH4Cl + CO2 + H2O
Crack cocaine is frequently purchased already in rock form,[3] although it is not uncommon for some users to ’wash up’ or ’cook’ powder cocaine into crack themselves. This process is frequently done with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), water, and a spoon. Once mixed and heated, the bicarbonate reacts with the hydrochloride of the powder cocaine, forming free base cocaine and carbonic acid (H2CO3) in a reversible acid-base reaction. The heating accelerates the degradation of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. Loss of CO2 prevents the reaction from reversing back to cocaine hydrochloride. Free base cocaine separates as an oily layer, floating on the top of the now leftover aqueous phase. It is at this point that the oil is picked up rapidly, usually with a pin or long thin object. This pulls the oil up and spins it, allowing air to set and dry the oil, and allows the maker to roll the oil into the rock-like shape.
Crack vaporizes near temperature 90 °C (194 °F),[1] much lower than the cocaine hydrochloride melting point of 190 °C (374 °F).[1] Whereas cocaine hydrochloride cannot be smoked (burns with no effect),[1]crack cocaine when smoked allows for quick absorption into the blood stream, and reaches the brain in 8 seconds.[1] Crack cocaine can also be injected intravenously with the same effect as powder cocaine. However, whereas powder cocaine dissolves in water, crack must be dissolved in an acidic solution such as lemon juice or white vinegar, a process that effectively reverses the original conversion of powder cocaine to crack.Recreational use
Crack cocaine is commonly used as a recreational drug. Effects of crack cocaine include euphoria,[8] supreme confidence,[9] loss of appetite,[8]insomnia,[8] alertness,[8] increased energy,[8] a craving for more cocaine,[9]and potential paranoia (ending after use).[8][10]Its initial effect is to release a large amount of dopamine,[3] a brain chemical inducing fee
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
コメント